参考文献/References:
[1] Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S. Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management[J]. Front Neurol, 2014, 5: 30.
[2] Gurley KL, Edlow JA. Avoiding misdiagnosis in patients with posterior circulation ischemia: a narrative review[J]. Acad Emerg Med, 2019, 26(11): 1273-1284.
[3] Sparaco M, Ciolli L, Zini A. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke-a review part I: anatomy, aetiology and clinical presentations[J]. Neurol Sci, 2019, 40(10): 1995-2006.
[4] Arch AE, Weisman DC, Coca S, et al. Missed ischemic stroke diagnosis in the emergency department by emergency medicine and neurology services[J]. Stroke, 2016, 47(3): 668-673.
[5] Newman-Toker DE, Kerber KA, Hsieh YH, et al. HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness[J]. Acad Emerg Med, 2013, 20(10): 986-996.
[6] Edlow JA, Gurley KL, Newman-Toker D. A new diagnostic approach to the adult patient with acute dizziness[J]. J Emerg Med, 2018, 54(4): 469-483.
[7] Machner B, Choi JH, Neumann A, et al. What guides decision-making on intravenous thrombolysis in acute vestibular syndrome and suspected ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation?[J]. J Neurol, 2021, 268(1): 249-264.
[8] Shaban A, Zafar A, Borte B, et al. The bucket test improves detection of stroke in patients with acute dizziness[J]. J Emerg Med, 2020: S0736-4679(20)31161.
[9] Edlow JA, Newman-Toker D. Using the physical examination to diagnose patients with acute dizziness and vertigo[J]. J Emerg Med, 2016, 50(4): 617-628.
[10] Tarnutzer AA, Berkowitz AL, Robinson KA, et al. Does my dizzy patient have a stroke? A systematic review of bedside diagnosis in acute vestibular syndrome[J]. CMAJ, 2011, 183(9): E571-E592.
[11] Jaynstein D. HINTS for differentiating peripheral from central causes of vertigo[J]. JAAPA, 2016, 29(10): 56-57.
[12] Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome Three-Step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI Diffusion-Weighted imaging[J]. Stroke, 2009, 40(11): 3504-3510.
[13] Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Mantokoudis G, et al. Small strokes causing severe vertigo: frequency of false-negative MRIs and nonlacunar mechanisms[J]. Neurology, 2014, 83(2): 169-173.
[14] Nam GS, Shin HJ, Kang JJ, et al. Clinical implication of corrective saccades in the video head impulse test for the diagnosis of posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction[J]. Front Neurol, 2021, 12: 605040.
[15] 刘雪云,胡小伟,蔡秀英,等.后循环缺血早期识别的研究进展[J].临床神经病学杂志,2018,31(2):151-154.
[16] Wang J, Wu J, Liu R, et al. The ABCD2 score is better for stroke risk prediction after anterior circulation TIA compared to posterior circulation TIA[J]. Int J Neurosci, 2015, 125(1): 50-55.
[17] Kiyohara T, Kamouchi M, Kumai YA, et al. ABCD3 and ABCD3-I scores are superior to ABCD2 score in the prediction of short- and Long-Term risks of stroke after transient ischemic attack[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(2): 418-425.
[18] Md GF, Md JS, Md ES, et al. Relationship of National institutes of health stroke scale to 30‐day mortality in Medicare beneficiaries with acute ischemic stroke[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2012, 1(1): 42-50.
[19] Audebert HJ, Singer OC, Gotzler B, et al. Postthrombolysis hemorrhage risk is affected by stroke assessment bias between hemispheres[J]. Neurology, 2011, 76(7): 629-636.
[20] Olivato S, Nizzoli S, Cavazzuti M, et al. e-NIHSS: an expanded National institutes of health stroke scale weighted for anterior and posterior circulation strokes[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2016, 25(12): 2953-2957.
[21] Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al. The recognition of stroke in the emergency room(ROSIER)scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2005, 4(11): 727-734.
[22] Fothergill RT, Williams J, Edwards MJ, et al. Does use of the recognition of stroke in the emergency room stroke assessment tool enhance stroke recognition by ambulance clinicians?[J]. Stroke, 2013, 44(11): 3007-3012.
[23] Dorňák T, Král M, aňák D, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis in posterior circulation stroke[J]. Front Neurol, 2019, 10: 417.
[24] Zhang LH, Yu DL, Liu BL, et al. A preliminary study on colour Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of intervertebral stenosis of the vertebral artery[J]. Clin Radiol, 2021, 76(1): 80.e9-80.e13.
[25] Tábuas-Pereira M, Sargento-Freitas J, Isidoro L, et al. Neurosonology accuracy for isolated acute vestibular syndromes[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2017, 36(12): 2545-2550.
[26] Edlow JA. Newman-Toker D E,savitz S I.diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(10): 951-964.
[27] Tsivgoulis G, Sharma VK, Hoover SL, et al. Applications and advantages of power motion-mode Doppler in acute posterior circulation cerebral ischemia[J]. Stroke, 2008, 39(4): 1197-1204.
[28] Chalela JA, Kidwell CS, Nentwich LM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison[J]. Lancet, 2007, 369(9558): 293-298.
[29] Puetz V, Sylaja PN, Coutts SB, et al. Extent of hypoattenuation on CT angiography source images predicts functional outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion[J]. Stroke, 2008, 39(9): 2485-2490.
[30] Puchner S, Haumer M, Rand T, et al. CTA in the detection and quantification of vertebral artery pathologies: a correlation with color Doppler sonography[J]. Neuroradiology, 2007, 49(8): 645-650.
[31] Bash S, Villablanca JP, Jahan R, et al. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: evaluation with CT angiography, Mr angiography, and digital subtraction angiography[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2005, 26(5): 1012-1021.
[32] Caruso P, Ridolfi M, Lugnan C, et al. Multimodal CT pc-ASPECTS in infratentorial stroke: diagnostic and prognostic value[J]. Neurol Sci, 2021.
[33] Van Der Hoeven EJ, Dankbaar JW, Algra A, et al. Additional diagnostic value of computed tomography perfusion for detection of acute ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation[J]. Stroke, 2015, 46(4): 1113-1115.
[34] Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Goyal M, et al. Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score to select patients for endovascular treatment: interventional management of stroke(IMS)-III trial[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(2): 444-449.
[35] Pexman JH, Barber PA, Hill MD, et al. Use of the Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS)for assessing CT scans in patients with acute stroke[J]. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2001, 22(8): 1534-1542.
[36] Lin SF, Chen C, Hu HH, et al. Predicting functional outcomes of posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke in first 36 h of stroke onset[J]. J Neurol, 2018, 265(4): 926-932.
[37] Th?ke F. [Acute vestibular syndrome: Clinical examination outperforms MRI in the detection of central lesions][J]. Nervenarzt, 2018, 89(10): 1165-1171.
[38] Mukhi SV, Lincoln CM. MRI in the evaluation of acute visual syndromes[J]. Top Magn Reson Imaging, 2015, 24(6): 309-324.