参考文献/References:
[1]Chen WH,Yi TY,Chen YE,et al.Assessment of bilateral cerebral peduncular infarction: Magnetic resonance imaging, clinical features, and prognosis[J].J Neurol Sci,2015,357(1/2):131135.
[2]Huang R,Zhang X,Chen W,et al.Stroke subtypes and topographic locations associated with neurological deterioration in acute isolated pontine infarction[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2016,25(1):206213.
[3]Kim JS,Lee JH,Im JH,et al.Syndromes of pontine base infarctionA clinicalradiological correlation study[J].Stroke,1995,26(6):950955.
[4]方岩,袁向东,李家亮,等.临床脑血管疾病[M].石家庄:河南医科大学出版社,1998:194.
[5]Kobayashi J,Ohara T,Minematsu K,et al.Etiological mechanisms of isolated pontine infarcts based on arterial territory involvement[J].J Neurol Sci,2014,339(12):113117.
[6]Lv P,Jin H,Liu Y,et al.Comparison of risk factor between lacunar stroke and large artery atherosclerosis stroke:a crosssectional study in China[J].PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0149605.
[7]Manukyan L,Boyajyan A,Arakelyan A,et al.Immunochemical composition of cryoglobulins generated in stroke[J].J Clin Immunol,2009,29(3, SI):274281.
[8]Olindo S,Khaddam S,Bocquet J,et al.Association between basilar artery hypoplasia and undetermined or lacunar posterior circulation ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2010,41(10):23712374.
[9]lchikawa H,Mukai MHieda S,et al.Involvement of the basilar artery in diabetes mellitus:An MRI study of brainstem infarctions[J].Eur Neurol,2010,64(4):230.
[10]Zhang DP,Zhang SL,Zhang JW,et ,al.Basilar artery bending length, vascular risk factors, and pontine infarction[J].J Neurol Sci,2014,338(1/2):142147.
[11]Erro ME,Gállego J,Herrera M,et al.Isolated pontine infarcts: etiopathogenic mechanisms[J].Eur J Neurol,2005,12(12):984988.
[12]Vemmos KN,Spengos K,Tsivgoulis G,et al.Aetiopathogenesis and longterm outcome of isolated pontine infarcts[J].J Neurol,2005,252(2):212217.
[13]Kumral E,Bayülkem G,Evyapan D.Clinical spectrum of pontine infarction[J].J Neurol,2002,249(12):16591670.
[14]Lx1 Z.Yao M,Ni J,Zhu YC,Peng B,Cui LY.morphological classification of acute isolated pontine infarction and it's clinical relevance[J].Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi,2018,98(45):03762491.
[15]Fisher CM,Caplan LR.Basilar artery branch occlusion: a cause of pontine infarction[J].Neurology,1971,21(9):900905.
[16]Yamamoto Y,Ohara T,Hamanaka M,et al.Characteristics of intracranial branch atheromatous disease and its association with progressive motor deficits[J].J Neurol Sci,2011,304(1/2):7882.
[17]朱子龙,任宁,王世民,等.单纯脑桥梗死的TOAST分型特征分析[J].脑血管疾病临床与基础研究,2013,13(4):308312.
[18]Tan EK,Chan LL,Auchus AP.Hemidystonia precipitated by acute pontine infarction[J].J Neurol Sci,2005,234(12):109111.
[19]Obaid Sl,Magro E,Seizeur R.A case of dorsolateral pontine infarct:Description of a new vascular alternating syndrome[J].Neurochirurqie,2016,62(2):100104.
[20]Hosaka A,Tsunoda R,Yamaguchi T,et al.Body lateropulsion and cerebellar tremor in a patient with pontine infarction[J].Internal Medicine,2017,56(5):563565.
[21]Kang HG,Cheong JS,An H.Acute pontine infarction presenting with depressive mood only[J].Geriatr Gerontol Int,2016,16(9):10851086.
[22]Ishizawa K,Ninomiya M,Nakazato Y,et al. “Heart appearance” infarction of the pons:A case report[J].Case Rep Radiol,2012,2012:690903.
[23]Sen D,Arora V,Adlakha S,et al.The ``heart appearance'' sign in bilateral pontine infarction[J].Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases,2015,24(1):E21E24.
[24]Eggenberger E.Eightandahalf syndrome:oneandahalf syndrome plus cranial nerve VII palsy[J].J Neuroophthalmol,1998,18(2):114116.
[25]BocosPortillo J,Ruiz OJ,GomezBeldarrain M,et al.EightandaHalf syndrome[J].JAMA Neurol830.doi:10.1001/jamaneurol,2015,72(7):0255.
[26]Kumar N,Raju CG,Kiran PR,et al.EightandaHalf syndrome: a rare presentation of pontine infarction[J].Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases,2014,23(8):E389E391.
[27]Maas RPPWM1,Verrips A2.Teaching video neuroImages:Nine syndrome in inferior paramedian pontine infarction:More than meets the eye[J].Neurology,2017,89(8):5152.
[28]FeiYan,ZhuBai,ChenWang,et al.ZhenZhongZhang,fifteenandahalf syndrome:a rare presentation of pontine infarction[Z]. Clin Neurol Neurosurq,2018,173: 150153.
[29]林琅,濮捷,崔敏,等.磁共振检查对基底动脉血栓形成患者的诊断价值[J].卒中与神经疾病,2007,14(3):150153.
[30]Dieterich M,Brandt T.Vestibular systemAnatomy and functional magnetic resonance imaging[J].Neuroimaging Clin N Am,2001,11(2):263.
[31]Klein IF,Lavallée PC,Mazighi M,et al.Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions: a highresolution MRI study[J].Stroke,2010,41(7):14051409.
[32]Wintermark M,Sanelli PC,Albers GW,et al.Imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients[J].J Am Coll Radiol,2013,10(11):828832.
[33]Jauch EC,Saver JL,Adams HP Jr,et al.Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke:A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association[J]. Stroke,2013,44(3):870947.
[34]Xu WH,Li ML,Gao S,et al.In vivo highresolution Mr imaging of symptomatic and asymptomatic middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic stenosis[J].Atherosclerosis,2010,212(2):507511.
[35]Ma N,Jiang WJ,Lou X,et al.Arterial remodehg of advanced basilar atherosclerosis:a 3tesla MRI study[J].Neurology,2010,75(3):253258.
[36]Cho HJ,Kim KH,Kim EJ.et al clinical implications of basilar artery plaques in the pontine infarction with normal basilar angiogram:a HighResolution magnetic resonance imaging study[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Disdoi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis,2018,27(12):35913598.
[37]于瑾,白皛,吴士文,等.应用高分辨率磁共振成像评估脑动脉粥样硬化斑块的研究进展[J].中国康复理论与实践,2016,22(2):164167.
[38]Miyaji Y,Kawabata Y,Joki H,et al.Highresolution magnetic resonance imaging findings of basilar artery plaque in a patient with branch atheromatous disease: a case report[J].J Med Case Rep,2014,8(1):395.
[39]Zhu XJ,Jiang WJ,Liu L,et al.Plaques of nonstenotic basilar arteries with isolated pontine infarction on threedimensional high isotropic resolution magnetic resonance imaging[J].Chin Med J (Engl),2015,128(11):14331437.
[40]Gonzalez RG,Lev MH,Goldmacher GV,et al.Improved outcome prediction using CT angiography in addition to standard ischemic stroke assessment: results from the STOPStroke study[J].PLoS One,2012,7(1):e30352.
[41]Nonent M,Ben Salem D,Serfaty JM,et al.Overestimation of moderate carotid stenosis assessed by both Doppler US and contrast enhanced 3DMR angiography in the CARMEDAS study[J].Journal of Neuroradiology,2011,38(3):148155.
[42]Anna MH,Janneke P,Joachim E,et al.Costeffectiveness of CTA,MRA and DSA in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage[J].Insights Imaging,2013,4(4):499507.
[43]Saia V,Pantoni L.Progressive stroke in pontine infarction[J].Acta Neurol Scand,2009,120(4):213215.
[44]Aoki J,Iguchi Y,Kimura K,et al.Diameter of the basilar artery May be associated with neurological deterioration in acute pontine infarction[J].Eur Neurol,2010,63(4):221226.
[45]赵吴,曹树刚,吴倩,等.孤立性脑桥梗死后进展性运动功能缺损的预测因素:回顾性病例系列研究[J].国际脑血管病杂志,2015(3):16734165.
[46]Lim SH,Choi H,Kim HT,et al.Basilar plaque on highresolution MRI predicts progressive motor deficits after pontine infarction[J].Atherosclerosis,2015,240(1):278283.
[47]Gokcal E,Niftaliyev E,Baran G,et al.Progressive deficit in isolated pontine infarction: the association with etiological subtype, lesion topography and outcome[J].Acta Neurol Belg,2017,117(3):649654.
[48]Nakase T,Sasaki M,Ikeda Y,et al.Progressing small vessel pontine infarction includes different etiologies[J].Annals of clinical and translational neurology,2014,1(2):7579.
[49]Mehdiratta M,Caplan LR,Kumar S.Basilar artery branch disease imaged by magnetic resonance imaging[J].Arch Neural,2007,64(11):1666.
[50]Kaps M,Klostermann W,Wessel K,et al.Basilar branch disease presenting with progressive pure motor stroke[J].Acta Neurol Scand,1997,96(5):324327.
[51]陈珂楠,郭舜源,陈桂花,等.累及脑桥表面的孤立单侧脑桥梗死与进展性运动障碍的关系[J].中华神经科杂志,2013,46(3):172175.
[52]Toyoda K,Saku Y,Ibayashi S,et al.Pontine infarction extending to the basal surface[J].Stroke,1994,25(11):21712178.
[53]陈红兵,王莹,李玲,等.累及脑桥表面和脑桥内部的单侧孤立性脑桥梗死[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2011,37(5):280284.
[54]Duan SS,Li L.Carotid artery intima·media thickness associated with prognosis of intracranialbranch atheromatous disease[J].Int J Neurosci,2017,127(4):367.
[55]Nam KW,Lim JS,Kang DW,et al.Severe white matter hyperintensity is associated with early neurological deterioration in patients with isolated pontine infarction[J].Eur Neurol,2016,76(3/4):117122.
[56]Zhao L,Zhai Z.Hou W analysis of carotid color ultrasonography and high sensitive creactive protein in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction[J].Pak J Med Sci,2016,32(4):931934.
[57]Men XJ,Zhang B.Homocysteine and Creactive protein associated withprogression and prognosis of intracranial branch atheromatous disease[J].PLoS One,2013,8(9):e73030.
[58]Chen YJ.Multiple factors involved in acute progressive cerebral infarction and extraand intracranial arterial lesions[J].Exp Ther Med,2014,7(6):14951505.
[59]Zang RS,Zhang HY.Serum C·reactiveproteinJ fibrinogen and Ddimer in patients with progressive cerebral infarction[J].Transl Neurosci,2016,7(1):8488.
[60]Wang Y,Wang Y,Zhao X,et a1.Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack[J].N Engl J Med,2013,369:1119．
[61]The WarfarinAspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease(WASID)Study Group.Prognosis of Patienis with symptomatic vertebral or basilar artery stenosis[J].Stroke,1998,29(7):13891392.
[62]Kang K,Yoon BW.Symptomaic intracerebral hematomas in posterior circulation stroke patients antieoagulated with hePrin[J].J Thromb Thrombolysis,2006,21(3):249255．
[63]Oh S,Bang OY,Chung CS,et al.Topographic location of acute pontine infarction is associated with the development of progressive motor deficits[J].Stroke,2012,43(3):708.
[64]Huang R,Zhang X,Chen W,et al.Stroke subtypes and topographic locations associated with neurological deterioration in acute iso1ated pontine infarction[J].J stroke cerebrovasc DisDOI:lO.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis,2015,25(1):206213.
[65]孙向军,寇桂娟,张珊珊,等.不同方案治疗进展性分支动脉粥样硬化病的l临床疗效[J].l临床与病理杂志,2017,37(6):1194.
[66]Hacke W,Donnan G,Fieschi C,et al.Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of Atlantis, ECASS, and NINDS rtPA stroke trials[J].Lancet,2004,363(9411):768774.
[67]Liao XL,Wang YL,Wang CJ,et al.Thrombolysis with intravenous recombinant tissue palsminogen activator 3 to 4[Z],2012:A62.
[68]Schneider D,von Kummer R,Wahlgren N,et al.Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2008,359(13):13171329.
[69]Ahmed N,Wahlgren N,Ground M,et al.Implementation and outcome of thrombolysis with alteplase 34.5h after an acute stroke:An updated analysis from SITSISTR[J]. Lancet Neurol,2010,9(9):866874.
[70]重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂治疗缺血性卒中共识专家组.重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂治疗缺血性卒中中国专家共识(2012版) [J].中华内科杂志,2012,51(12):10061010.
[71]Ma H,Parsons MW,Christensen S,et al. A multicentre，randomized，doubleblinded，placebocontrolled phase Ⅲ study to investigate EXtending the time foe Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits(EXTEND) [J].Int J Stroke,2012,7(1):7480.
[72]Montavoni A,Nighoghossian N,Derex L,et a1.Intravenous rTPA in vertebrobasilar acute infarcts [J].Netrology,2004,62(10):18541856.
[73]Shi L,Zhang M,Liu H,et al.Safety and outcome of thrombolysis in mild stroke: a metaanalysis[J].Med Sci Monit,2014,20:21172124.
[74]Group Collaborative IST3,Sandercock P,Wardlaw JM,et al.The benefits and harms of intravenous thromb01vsis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke(the third international stroke trial[IST3]):a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2012,379(12):6076560768.
[75]Greisenegger S,Seyfang L,Kiechl S,et al.Thrombolysis in patients with mild stroke results from the Austrian stroke unit registry[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):765769.
[76]黄如月,邵蓓,王鹏,等.孤立性脑桥梗死患者静脉溶栓的短期预后及安全性探讨[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2017,19(4):395398.
[77]中华预防医学会卒中预防与控制专业委员会介入学组.急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗中国专家共识[J].中华医学杂志,2014,94(27):20972010.
[78]中华医学会神经病学分会.中国急性缺血性脑卒中早期血管内介入诊疗指南2018 [J].中华神经科杂志,2018,51(9):683691.
[79]Ciccone A VL,Synthesis EI.Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(10):904913.
[80]Maulden SA,Gassaway J,Horn SD,et al.Timing of initiation of rehabilitation after stroke[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2005,86(12 Suppl 2):S34S40.
[81]Musicco M,Emberti L,Nappi G,et al.Early and longterm outcome of rehabilitation in stroke patients:the role of patient characteristics,time of initiation,and duration of intervention[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2003,84(4):551558.
[82]Bernhardt J,Dewey H,Thrift A,et al.A very early rehabilitation trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility[J].Stroke,2008,39(2):390396.
[83]九五.攻关课题组,急性脑卒中早期康复的研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2001,16(5):266272.
[84]Patterson JR,Grabois M.Lockedin syndrome:a review of 139 cases[J].Stroke,1986,17(4):758764.
[85]Casanova E,Lazzari RE,Lotta S,et al.Lockedin syndrome: Improvement in the prognosis after an early intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2003,84(6):862867.
[86]Leemann B,Schnider A.Unusually favorable recovery from lockedin syndrome after basilar artery occlusion [J].Rev Med Suisse,2010,6(241):633635.
[87]Vemmos KN,Spengos K,Tsivgoulis G,et al.Aetiopathogenesis and longterm outcome of iso1ated pontine infarcts[J].J Neurol,2005,252(2):212217.