参考文献/References:
[1] Van Asch CJ,Luitse MJ,Rinkel GJ,et al.Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Lancet Neurol,2010,9(2):167-176.
[2] Hemphill JC,Bonovich DC,Besmertis L,et al.The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2001,32(4):891-897.
[3] Davis SM,Broderick J,Hennerici M,et al.Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Neurology,2006,66(8):1175-1181.
[4] Anderson CS,Chalmers J,Stapf C.Blood-pressure lowering in acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J].N Engl J Med,2013,369(13):1275.
[5] Mayer SA,Brun NC,Begtrup K,et al.Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J].N Engl J Med,2005,352(8):777-785.
[6] Dowlatshahi D,Demchuk AM,Flaherty ML,et al.Defining hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship with patient outcomes[J].Neurology,2011,76(14):1238-1244.
[7] Fujii Y,Tanaka R,Takeuchi S,et al.Hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage[J].J Neurosurg,1994,80(1):51-57.
[8] Fujii Y,Takeuchi S,Sasaki O,et al.Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,1998,29(6):1160-1166.
[9] Delbigio MR,Yan HJ,Buist R,et al.Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological correlates[J].Stroke,1996,27(12):2312-2319.
[10] Maas MB,Nemeth AJ,Rosenberg NF,et al.Delayed intraventricular hemorrhage is common and worsens outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Neurology,2013,80(14):1295-1299.
[11] Moussouttas M,Malhotra R,Fernandez L,et al.Impact of intraventricular hemorrhage upon intracerebral hematoma expansion[J].Neurocrit Care,2011,14(1):50-54.
[12] Bhattathiri PS,Gregson B,Prasad KS,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the STICH trial[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,2006,96:65-68.
[13] Silva Y,Leira R,Tejada J,et al.Molecular signatures of vascular injury are associated with early growth of intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2005,36(1):86-91.
[14] Li Q,Huang YJ,Zhang G,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage and early hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:11357.
[15] Hanley DF.Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2009,40(4):1533-1538.
[16] Phan TG,Koh M,Vierkant RA,et al.Hydrocephalus is a determinant of early mortality in putaminal hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2000,31(9):2157-2162.
[17] Mayfrank L,Kissler J,Raoofi R,et al.Ventricular dilatation in experimental intraventricular hemorrhage in pigs. Characterization of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and the effects of fibrinolytic treatment[J].Stroke,1997,28(1):141-148.
[18] Witsch J,Bruce E,Meyers E,et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage expansion in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Neurology,2015,84(10):989-994.
[19] Mahta A,Katz PM,Kamel H,et al.Intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and no hydrocephalus May not increase mortality or severe disability[J].J Clin Neurosci,2016,30:56-59.
[20] Broderick JP,Diringer MN,Hill MD,et al.Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis[J].Stroke,2007,38(3):1072-1075.
[21] Broderick JP,Brott TG,Duldner JE,et al.Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality[J].Stroke,1993,24(7):987-993.
[22] Dowlatshahi D,Smith EE,Flaherty ML,et al.Small intracerebral haemorrhages are associated with less haematoma expansion and better outcomes[J].Int J Stroke,2011,6(3):201-206.
[23] Rodriguez-Luna D,Rubiera M,Ribo M,et al.Ultraearly hematoma growth predicts poor outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Neurology,2011,77(17):1599-1604.
[24] Sato S,Arima H,Hirakawa Y,et al.The speed of ultraearly hematoma growth in acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Neurology,2014,83(24):2232-2238.
[25] Barras CD,Tress BM,Christensen S,et al.Density and shape as CT predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage growth[J].Stroke,2009,40(4):1325-1331.
[26] New PF,Aronow S.Attenuation measurements of whole blood and blood fractions in computed tomography[J].Radiology,1976,121(3 Pt. 1):635-640.
[27] Zimmerman RA,Bilaniuk LT.Computed tomographic staging of traumatic epidural bleeding[J].Radiology,1982,144(4):809-812.
[28] Greenberg J,Cohen WA,Cooper PR.The "hyperacute" extraaxial intracranial hematoma: computed tomographic findings and clinical significance[J].Neurosurgery,1985,17(1):48-56.
[29] Takeda R,Ogura T,Ooigawa H,et al.A practical prediction model for early hematoma expansion in spontaneous deep ganglionic intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2013,115(7):1028-1031.
[30] Selariu E,Zia E,Brizzi M,et al.Swirl sign in intracerebral haemorrhage: definition, prevalence, reliability and prognostic value[J].BMC Neurol,2012,12:109.
[31] Li Q,Zhang G,Huang YJ,et al.Blend sign on computed tomography: novel and reliable predictor for early hematoma growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2015,46(8):2119-2123.
[32] Sporns PB,Schwake M,Schmidt R,et al.Computed tomographic blend sign is associated with computed tomographic angiography spot sign and predicts secondary neurological deterioration after intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2017,48(1):131-135.